Prépublications

This study falls within SDG Focus Goal 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth — Target 8.3: Promote development-oriented policies that support productive activities, decent job creation, entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation, and encourage the formalization and growth of micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises, including through access to financial services; Target 8.5: By 2030, achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all women and men, including for young people and persons with disabilities, and equal pay for work of equal value; Target 8.10: Strengthen the capacity of domestic financial institutions to encourage and expand access to banking, insurance and financial services for all. This study examines small business development and social capital in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Rwanda, two neighbouring Central African countries with different historical trajectories, social capital structures, and small business environments. The DRC has a weak business environment characterized by conflict, corruption, weak institutions, and low social capital (trust, networks, cooperation), which constrains small business development, access to finance, and market access. Rwanda has transformed its business environment through institutional reform, anti-corruption measures, and investment in social capital (trust-building, community-based organizations (Ubudehe), cooperative development), resulting in rapid small business growth and improved access to finance. The research analyzes how each country's social capital (trust in institutions, business networks, community cooperation, ethnic trust) affects small business formation, survival, and growth, the role of cooperatives and community-based organizations, the effectiveness of business development services, and the lessons for other countries. A comparative analysis was conducted examining…

This study falls within SDG Focus Goal 3: Good Health and Well-Being — Target 3.3: By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other communicable diseases; Target 3.8: Achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, access to quality essential health-care services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all. This study examines malaria control and cultural acceptance of prevention methods in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Vietnam, two countries with different malaria transmission patterns, health system capacities, and cultural contexts affecting prevention uptake. The DRC has one of the highest malaria burdens globally (approximately 12-15% of global cases), with high transmission intensity, weak health infrastructure, and community-based prevention delivery through community health workers (CHWs) for intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp). Vietnam has successfully reduced malaria incidence dramatically over recent decades and is moving toward elimination, but malaria persists in forested areas among ethnic minority populations (Ra-glai, other groups) where traditional livelihoods (slash-and-burn agriculture, forest work) and cultural beliefs affect acceptance of vector control measures (bed nets, indoor residual spraying) and treatment-seeking behaviors. The research analyzes how each country's cultural context (social norms, traditional beliefs, trust in health workers, mobility patterns) affects acceptance of malaria prevention methods, the effectiveness of community-based delivery strategies, and the lessons for other countries. A comparative analysis was conducted examining primary and secondary sources including WHO malaria reports, national malaria strategic plans, academic research, program…

This study examines the comparative dynamics of indigenous environmental governance and its contribution to climate resilience in Côte d'Ivoire and Peru, two countries with rich indigenous heritage yet facing distinct challenges in integrating traditional knowledge into climate policy. Despite their divergent colonial histories and ecological contexts, both nations grapple with the fundamental question of how indigenous governance systems can be recognized, strengthened, and mobilized to address the climate crisis. The research employs a comparative case study methodology, drawing on policy documents, empirical studies, project reports, and scholarly analyses spanning 2020-2026. Peru has emerged as a global laboratory for indigenous-state co-management models in climate adaptation and forest conservation. The Amarakaeri Communal Reserve (RCA) exemplifies successful co-management between the Peruvian State (SERNANP) and indigenous organizations (ECA-RCA), built on trust and shared responsibility. This model enables the implementation of "Full Life Plans" that articulate indigenous strategic planning with conservation objectives, channel climate funds, and contribute to national emission reduction commitments . The REDD+ Indigenous Amazonian (RIA) initiative demonstrates how indigenous administration contracts can be adapted to implement projects for ecosystem service retribution, with replication potential across 4.5 million hectares of communal reserves . However, challenges persist. Research on Peru's conditional direct transfer (TDC) mechanism reveals gaps between program design and indigenous realities, including lack of cultural awareness, reliance on capitalistic economic indicators that exclude indigenous well-being, and insufficient community engagement in monitoring . The Kichwa people's experience in San Martín illustrates how protected area creation has sometimes excluded indigenous communities from territorial management,…

This study focuses on the analysis of the design and management process of development projects in socio-economic life, with a focus on the diocese of Kaya in Burkina Faso. The general objective is to evaluate the way in which these projects are designed and managed, their impact on the community as well as their sustainability, in order to identify the levers and obstacles to their success. The methodology adopted is based on a quantitative survey carried out with 54 respondents, supplemented by qualitative interviews carried out with 72 pastoral agents. The results show partial involvement of communities in the design of projects. Project management is generally perceived as well, although communication and availability of resources appear to be weak points. The socio-economic impact is positive by the majority of surveys. Sustainability faces obstacles such as low beneficiary involvement and management and monitoring problems. Finally, recommendations were made to strengthen the skills of pastoral agents.

Cholera outbreaks in refugee camps pose a major public health challenge, particularly in the border areas between the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Burundi. The overall objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of cholera prevention and control strategies implemented in DRC-Burundi border refugee camps, in order to propose recommendations for strengthening the resilience of populations to outbreaks. This research employs a qualitative methodology based on document analysis and a review of institutional reports published by UNHCR, WHO, UNICEF, and the Burundian Ministry of Health. The data are complemented by an analysis of humanitarian interventions, community awareness programs, the distribution of hygiene supplies, and water chlorination campaigns. This approach helps identify the success factors and limitations of prevention strategies implemented in cross-border humanitarian contexts. The results show that hygiene awareness campaigns, regular water chlorination, and the distribution of hygiene supplies effectively reduce cholera transmission when actions are continuous and well-coordinated. However, the effectiveness of these strategies is limited by interruptions in the water supply, logistical constraints, a lack of trained personnel, and insufficient coordination among the various humanitarian actors. Children under five remain the most vulnerable group and require targeted interventions to prevent mortality. The analysis also highlights that active community participation and the strengthening of health infrastructure are essential to improving the sustainability of interventions. In conclusion, this study reveals that cholera prevention and control in DRC-Burundi border refugee camps require an integrated approach combining infrastructure improvements, staff training, continuity of interventions, and community involvement. Well-coordinated…

The network of unpaved roads plays a vital role in the mobility of rural populations and the transport of agricultural products, particularly in developing countries. However, these infrastructures remain especially vulnerable to the rainy seasons, which lead to rapid deterioration and compromise their usability. Our work aims to analyze the impact of the rainy seasons on the condition of unpaved roads and to identify priority maintenance actions to improve their durability and functionality. The methodology adopted is based on a descriptive and analytical approach, combining field observation, analysis of technical data relating to the condition of pavements in the dry and rainy seasons, and the use of technical documents and road management reports. The results show that the main forms of deterioration observed are the formation of mud, pavement erosion, potholes, sand accumulation, and the failure of drainage systems, rendering some roads temporarily or completely impassable. The absence or inadequacy of preventive maintenance work exacerbates these problems and increases rehabilitation costs. The study highlights the need to prioritize maintenance actions such as improved drainage, regular resurfacing of the road, treatment of critical points, and periodic maintenance before and during the rainy season. In conclusion, effective and proactive planning for the maintenance of unpaved roads is essential to mitigating the negative effects of the rainy season, ensuring traffic continuity, and extending the lifespan of these road infrastructures.

The increasing frequency and sophistication of cyberattacks highlight the limitations of traditional intrusion detection systems, which are mainly based on static signatures or machine learning models that are often difficult to interpret. In this context, finite automata emerge as a relevant formal framework for modeling attack behaviors as sequences and for supporting a more proactive security approach. The objective of this research is to present a systematic literature review on the applications of finite automata in intrusion detection, with a particular focus on their contribution to proactive security. The adopted methodology follows the PRISMA guidelines and covers the period 2019–2025. Searches conducted in IEEE Xplore, SpringerLink, ScienceDirect, ACM Digital Library, ArXiv, MDPI, and AJOL identified 54 articles, of which 10 primary studies were retained after duplicate removal and the application of rigorous inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results show that 34% of the studies rely on deterministic finite automata or finite-state machines, 33% on nondeterministic or probabilistic models, and 33% on hybrid approaches combining finite automata and machine learning. The main application domains include enterprise networks (45%), critical ICS/SCADA systems (22%), and SOC environments (33%). The reviewed studies report high performance in intrusion detection and attack anticipation, with detection rates reaching 97–99% depending on the approach. However, several limitations remain, including state-space explosion and difficulties in adapting to previously unseen attacks. In conclusion, finite automata constitute a robust and explainable formal foundation that supports the evolution of intrusion detection systems toward proactive security architectures, complementing statistical and neural-based approaches.

The rise of digital technologies is profoundly transforming the labor market. Automation, artificial intelligence, and process digitization are reshaping existing jobs while creating new ones. This evolution presents challenges related to skills adaptation, inequalities in job access, and changes in working conditions. However, it also offers opportunities, particularly in terms of flexibility, productivity, and emerging employment models. This paper examines the opportunities and challenges associated with these labor market transformations in the digital era. The research approach combines a qualitative and analytical study, incorporating a literature review, an analysis of current trends, and an assessment of adaptation strategies for the digital labor market. The findings indicate that the rise of digital technologies is leading to the disappearance of certain professions, particularly those relying on repetitive tasks. However, technological innovation is also fostering the emergence of new professions, such as cybersecurity experts, artificial intelligence developers, and data analysts. Business leaders and policymakers must adopt a proactive adaptation strategy, involving public policies, enterprises, and workers, to maximize the benefits of this digital revolution.

Financial structure plays a determining role in organizational performance, influencing a company's ability to finance its activities, invest, and ensure its sustainability. This article examines the relationship between companies' financing choices and their performance, highlighting the mechanisms by which debt, equity, and internal resources affect profitability and operational efficiency. The main objective of our study is to analyze how financial composition influences organizational performance by identifying the key factors that highlight optimal management of financial resources.The methodology adopted in this study uses a mixed approach to data collection, combining direct solicitation through questionnaires with numerical analysis. More specifically, it includes the following: Qualitative Method: This method involves engaging with business managers to gather responses and observe their attitudes towards sensitive questions. This interactive approach provides nuanced insights and contextual understanding of the financial and organizational issues being analyzed. Quantitative Method: This aspect of the methodology focuses on processing and analyzing the collected data using tools such as Excel. The objective is to derive structured and objective conclusions from the data, ensuring that the findings are both reliable and actionable. The results reveal that companies with a balanced financial structure, combining controlled equity and debt, have better performance than those with excessive debt or excessive dependence on equity. Moderate debt appears as a strategic lever when well managed, while a poor allocation of financial resources can weaken the company. In conclusion, optimizing the financial structure is essential to ensure the competitiveness and resilience of organizations. Managers must adopt proactive and strategic…