Preprints

This study examines strategies for integrating quality assurance, regulatory compliance, and sustainability in construction projects. Employing a sequential mixed-methods design, I conducted 38 semi-structured interviews across 28 projects in 12 countries and analyzed quantitative data from 56 construction projects. Results demonstrate that integrated quality-sustainability strategies significantly outperform traditional quality assurance, achieving 54% less rework, 42% less material waste, 32% lower embodied carbon, and 24% lower lifecycle costs without increasing upfront costs. Six integrated strategies were identified, and the Integrated Quality-Sustainability Assurance Framework (IQSAF) is proposed and validated through three longitudinal case studies. The findings establish that quality and sustainability are mutually reinforcing objectives requiring integrated rather than separate management approaches.

The rapid proliferation of artificial intelligence (AI) systems across Africa offers transformative potential for sustainable development, yet it also raises profound governance challenges. Data governance the rules governing data collection, storage, sharing, and use and AI governance the principles and mechanisms ensuring AI systems are fair, accountable, transparent, and ethical remain largely disconnected in policy and practice. This study examines how Niger and Ghana can align data and AI governance frameworks to foster responsible digital transformation. Drawing on a qualitative analysis of 35 policy documents, 12 legal instruments (data protection acts, cybersecurity laws, AI strategies), and 26 semi-structured interviews with policymakers, technology regulators, civil society advocates, and private sector actors, the research identifies governance gaps, ethical tensions, and alignment opportunities. Results indicate that Ghana has made significant progress with its Data Protection Act (2012), Cybersecurity Act (2020), and a nascent National AI Strategy, but faces challenges in coordination, enforcement, and public trust. Niger, with a more recent and less developed digital governance framework, risks regulatory fragmentation but has the opportunity to build an integrated governance architecture from an earlier stage. Both countries struggle with limited technical capacity, infrastructure deficits, and the dominance of foreign AI platforms that operate outside local accountability mechanisms. The study proposes a convergent governance framework that aligns data governance and AI governance across four dimensions: (1) legal coherence (harmonizing data protection and AI-specific rules); (2) institutional coordination (creating cross-sectoral oversight bodies); (3) ethical harmonization (applying common principles of fairness, accountability, transparency, and explainability); and (4) participatory…

Packaged drinking water in plastic sachets has become a common source of hydration in Cameroon, particularly in urban and peri-urban areas where access to safe drinking water is limited. However, the microbiological quality of these products remains uncertain. This study evaluated the prevalence of total and fecal coliforms in sachet drinking water sold across the ten regions of Cameroon and analyzed regional variations in contamination levels. A total of 520 sachet water samples from 28 manufacturing companies were collected from regional capitals and analyzed using membrane filtration on Violet Red Bile Lactose Agar (VRBLA) incubated at 37°C for total coliforms and 44°C for fecal coliforms. Results revealed that 305 samples (58.65%) were contaminated with coliforms. Total coliforms were detected in 282 samples (59%), while fecal coliforms were detected in 200 samples (41%). The North and Far North regions had the highest contamination rates (20.74% each), followed by the Center (14.94%), South-West (12.66%), Littoral and North-West (10.37% each), West (5.81%), East (2.07%), Adamaoua (1.24%), and South (1.04%). Coliform counts in positive samples ranged from <200 CFU/100 ml in 10 companies (35.71%) to >200 CFU/100 ml in 10 companies (35.71%), exceeding the detection threshold. The study concludes that sachet drinking water in Cameroon is frequently contaminated with coliforms, indicating poor microbiological quality and potential health risks. Regional disparities in contamination levels highlight the need for targeted interventions in high-risk areas.

The rapid digital transformation of microfinance institutions (MFIs) in Burkina Faso, accelerated by the West African Economic and Monetary Union's interoperability initiative, has exposed these institutions to unprecedented AI-amplified cyber threats. While artificial intelligence (AI)-based cybersecurity systems offer promising capabilities for threat detection and response, their adoption in the Burkinabe microfinance sector remains severely constrained by interrelated technical, human, financial, and organizational barriers. This article presents a comprehensive analysis of these adoption constraints, drawing on primary survey data from 45 MFIs across Burkina Faso, supplemented by interviews with IT managers and analysis of regional and global adoption studies. The findings reveal that 78.6% of MFIs lack the technical infrastructure for AI deployment, with legacy systems incapable of supporting AI workloads. The human capital deficit is acute, with Burkina Faso having fewer than 200 trained cybersecurity professionals serving over 80 MFIs, and 82% of African companies reporting difficulty hiring AI-cybersecurity talent. Financial constraints are pervasive, with the average MFI allocating only 4.2% of its IT budget to cybersecurity, far below the recommended level. Organizational barriers include the absence of cybersecurity policies (68.9%), the lack of board-level IT expertise, and the absence of sector-specific regulatory guidance. The study extends the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to the AI-cybersecurity adoption context, identifying perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and external constraints as critical adoption determinants. The article concludes with a framework for addressing these barriers through a phased approach emphasizing foundational controls, managed security services, and public-private partnerships for capacity building.

This article investigates the intersection of artificial intelligence and international trade theory, examining how AI technologies influence the determinants of trade flows in Africa. Employing the gravity model of international trade as the analytical framework, the study synthesizes existing literature on AI applications in trade analysis, including neural machine translation, machine learning algorithms for trade prediction, and AI-enhanced econometric estimation techniques. The analysis draws on empirical evidence from recent studies on African trade patterns, regional trade agreements, and the role of digital technologies in reducing trade costs. Findings indicate that AI technologies, particularly neural machine translation and machine learning-based gravity model estimations, positively and significantly affect trade flows by reducing linguistic barriers, improving logistics efficiency, and enabling more accurate predictions of bilateral trade patterns . However, the adoption of AI in African trade contexts remains uneven, with infrastructure deficits, data scarcity, and capacity constraints presenting significant challenges. The study contributes to the emerging literature on AI and international trade by providing a systematic analysis of AI's potential to enhance trade analysis and policy formulation in the African context.

Achieving SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure) requires building resilient infrastructure, promoting inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and fostering innovation. Target 9.5 aims to enhance scientific research and upgrade the technological capabilities of industrial sectors in all countries, particularly developing countries, including by encouraging innovation and substantially increasing the number of research and development workers per one million people and public and private research and development spending. Target 9.B supports domestic technology development, research and innovation in developing countries. Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming healthcare globally, with applications spanning medical imaging analysis, clinical decision support, drug discovery, predictive analytics, robotic surgery, and personalized medicine. However, the rapid integration of AI into healthcare systems has raised critical ethical concerns including algorithmic bias and discrimination, data privacy and security, informed consent, transparency and explainability, clinical accountability and liability, equitable access, and patient safety. The ethical governance of medical AI is not uniform across jurisdictions; different countries have developed divergent frameworks shaped by political systems, legal traditions, cultural values, industrial policies, and public trust. This study conducts a comparative analysis of artificial intelligence in healthcare and ethical frameworks in the United States and China, the two leading global powers in AI research, development, and deployment, with contrasting governance models, regulatory philosophies, and value priorities. The United States, a high-income country with a market-driven economy and a decentralized regulatory system, has adopted an innovation-favorable approach to medical AI governance. The FDA has approved over 1,250 AI-enabled medical devices as of 2025, with more than 75…

Achieving SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) requires ensuring access for all to adequate, safe, and affordable housing and basic services (Target 11.1) and providing access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all (Target 11.2), with particular attention to the vulnerable. Target 11.5 significantly reduces the number of deaths and the number of people affected by disasters, including floods. Target 11.B increases the number of cities adopting integrated policies for climate change mitigation and adaptation. Floods are the most frequent and damaging natural disaster globally, affecting over 2 billion people between 1998 and 2017. Low-lying deltaic nations, including Bangladesh and the Netherlands, are among the most flood-vulnerable countries, yet they have developed contrasting models of flood-resilient infrastructure and community adaptation. This study conducts a comparative analysis of flood-resilient infrastructure and community adaptation in Bangladesh and the Netherlands, two countries with shared geography as low-lying deltas with major rivers and sea-level rise risk, but vastly different economic, technological, and institutional contexts. The Netherlands has developed one of the world's most sophisticated flood defense systems, including the Delta Works with dikes, levees, dams, and storm surge barriers, the Room for the River programme which gives rivers more space to flood rather than only raising dikes, the Maeslantkering as the largest moving storm surge barrier in the world, the Oosterscheldekering as a 9-kilometer storm surge barrier, sand suppletion for beach nourishment, and high-resolution forecasting. The Dutch approach has shifted from fighting water through high dikes and engineering to living with…

Achieving SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being) requires ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all at all ages. Target 3.8 calls for achieving universal health coverage, including access to quality essential health-care services and access to safe, effective, quality, and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all. Medical devices, ranging from simple thermometers and stethoscopes to sophisticated imaging equipment, ventilators, infusion pumps, and surgical instruments, are essential for diagnosis, treatment, monitoring, and rehabilitation. However, in low- and middle-income countries, medical devices frequently remain non-functional after donation or purchase due to lack of maintenance capacity, including insufficient trained biomedical engineers and technicians, shortage of spare parts, unreliable electricity, harsh environmental conditions, weak supply chains, and poor equipment management systems. This study conducts a comparative analysis of medical device maintenance and local capacity in Senegal and Cambodia, two low-income and lower-middle-income countries with contrasting geography, health system structures, and biomedical engineering development trajectories. Senegal has made significant investments in health infrastructure and medical equipment, often through donations and development partner support, but maintenance gaps persist, with an estimated 70 percent of medical devices non-functional. Cambodia has also expanded health infrastructure after decades of conflict, but medical device maintenance capacity is weak, with an estimated 60 to 70 percent of medical devices non-functional and fewer than 50 trained biomedical engineers nationally. Using a qualitative comparative case study methodology, the study analyzes secondary data from government reports, WHO Global Atlas of Medical Devices, medical device assessments, peer-reviewed literature, and program evaluations over the…

Achieving SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure) requires building resilient infrastructure, promoting inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and fostering innovation. Target 9.1 calls for developing quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure to support economic development and human well-being, with a focus on affordable and equitable access for all. Target 9.C aims to significantly increase access to information and communications technology and to provide universal and affordable internet access. E-governance, the use of information and communications technology to deliver government services, exchange information, facilitate citizen participation, and improve administrative efficiency, has emerged as a transformative tool for public sector reform. However, the digital divide between urban and rural communities remains a persistent global challenge. Rural areas have lower internet access, lower digital literacy, weaker infrastructure, and higher poverty rates, which limit their ability to benefit from e-governance. This study conducts a comparative analysis of e-governance and digital inclusion in rural communities in Estonia and India, two countries with contrasting digital trajectories, population scales, and rural development contexts. Estonia, a small high-income country, is widely recognized as the world's most advanced digital society, with infrastructure including X-Road, digital ID, i-Voting, e-Tax, and e-Health. India, a large lower-middle-income country, has made significant e-governance progress through Aadhaar (biometric digital identity), DigiLocker, UMANG, and BHIM-UPI, but faces persistent digital inclusion challenges in rural areas. Using a qualitative comparative case study methodology, the study analyzes secondary data from government reports, international indices, peer-reviewed literature, and program evaluations over the period 2000 to 2025. The study finds that…

This study examines the comparative approaches to road infrastructure development and its impact on community access in Burkina Faso and Laos, two landlocked nations facing distinct geographical and climatic challenges. Despite their different contexts, both countries grapple with the fundamental challenge of connecting rural populations to markets, services, and economic opportunities through road networks. The research employs a comparative case study methodology, drawing on project reports, policy documents, and empirical studies from both countries spanning 2020-2026. Burkina Faso's approach is increasingly shaped by climate resilience imperatives. The SKBo Basin Integration Project, a $216 million initiative supported by the World Bank and Global Center on Adaptation, demonstrates how climate risk assessment is being integrated into road design, with adaptation measures including higher temperature-rated bitumen, 100-year flood-resistant culverts, and nature-based solutions for erosion control (World Bank, 2025a; Global Center on Adaptation, 2025). The project targets 115 km of the RN11 corridor, expected to benefit over 3.9 million people while addressing the vulnerability of critical trade routes where climate disruptions could reduce road accessibility by up to 90% under worst-case scenarios. The African Development Bank's Dédougou-Tougan and Kongoussi-Djibo road projects further illustrate Burkina Faso's commitment to opening up high-potential agricultural regions, with explicit attention to community participation and labor-intensive methods creating jobs for women and youth (African Development Bank, 2025). Helvetas's HIMO program demonstrates the transformative potential of community-grounded approaches, with participatory planning, local recruitment, and integration of nature-based solutions generating measurable impacts: household incomes increased by 90% due to both construction employment…

This study falls within SDG Focus Goal 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure — Target 9.1: Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure to support economic development and human well-being; Target 9.4: Upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries to make them sustainable, with increased resource-use efficiency and greater adoption of clean and environmentally sound technologies; Target 9.c: Significantly increase access to information and communications technology and strive to provide universal and affordable access to the Internet. This study examines the comparative approaches to big data for urban planning in Singapore and Rwanda, focusing on how each country leverages digital technologies, data analytics, and spatial information systems to manage urban growth, enhance infrastructure efficiency, and promote sustainable development. The research analyzes the technological infrastructures, governance frameworks, and implementation strategies that characterize each country's approach to data-driven urbanism, while critically examining the transferability of models across vastly different contexts. A comparative analysis was conducted examining primary and secondary sources including government documentation, academic research, institutional reports, and news coverage covering recent developments to 2025-2026. Singapore presents a globally recognized model of advanced data-driven urbanism, where the "Smart Nation" vision has evolved into a comprehensive ecosystem of integrated digital infrastructure. At the heart of this system lies the Open Digital Platform (ODP), co-developed by GovTech and JTC, which serves as a "digital nervous system" enabling diverse urban systems—from elevators and energy sensors to security turnstiles and autonomous vehicles—to communicate through a unified platform . This convergence of Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI),…

This study examines the comparative dynamics of women's participation in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) in Germany and India, two countries with distinct cultural contexts, policy frameworks, and trajectories in gender equality. Despite their divergent pathways, both nations grapple with the fundamental question of why women remain underrepresented in STEM fields and what cultural barriers and enablers shape their educational and professional trajectories. The research employs a comparative case study methodology, drawing on empirical research, statistical data, policy documents, and scholarly analyses spanning 2020-2026. Germany presents a paradox: a highly developed economy with strong institutional frameworks yet persistent underrepresentation of women in STEM. A 2024 group concept mapping study involving 70 women professors and scientific staff across German universities revealed that stereotypical beliefs about women, heteronomous gender roles, gender workload imbalances, sexism, and structural power relations remain significant factors hindering female success in STEM careers in higher education. Women researchers report that despite top-down measures, these issues persist, though they see potential in pedagogical interventions that raise awareness of gender bias, particularly in collaborative learning scenarios. Statistical data shows that women comprise only 29.4% of researchers in Germany overall, with representation varying dramatically by sector: 41.4% in higher education, 38.3% in government, but merely 15.6% in the corporate sector. Yet individual success stories and institutional initiatives demonstrate pathways forward. The Fraunhofer TALENTA program offers customized development for women in STEM across all career phases, providing qualifications, support programs, and networking opportunities. Young researchers like Teena tom Dieck, awarded the…

This study falls within SDG Focus Goal 16: Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions — Target 16.6: Develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions at all levels; Target 16.7: Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative decision-making at all levels; Target 16.10: Ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms. This study examines the comparative approaches to government communication and citizen trust in Gabon and Rwanda, focusing on how each country's communication strategies, institutional frameworks, and governance philosophies shape the relationship between the state and its citizens. The research analyzes the mechanisms for citizen engagement, the handling of dissent and public protest, the use of digital platforms for government-citizen interaction, and the implications for institutional trust and legitimacy. A comparative analysis was conducted examining primary and secondary sources including news reporting, institutional documentation, governance assessments, and academic commentary covering recent developments to 2026. Gabon presents a contemporary landscape of government communication marked by increasing centralization and control in response to social unrest. In February 2026, the High Authority for Communication imposed an indefinite suspension of social media platforms including Facebook, TikTok, and WhatsApp, citing concerns over "inappropriate, defamatory, hateful and insulting content" that allegedly undermines human dignity, institutions, and national security . This action comes amid Gabon's first major wave of social unrest since President Brice Oligui Nguema's election in 2025, with teachers striking over pay and conditions and protests spreading to health, higher education, and broadcasting sectors. Critics accuse the government of imposing a "climate of fear and repression" and clamping…

This study falls within SDG Focus Goal 4: Quality Education — Target 4.1: Ensure free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education; Target 4.4: Substantially increase the number of youth and adults who have relevant skills for employment, decent jobs and entrepreneurship; Target 4.5: Eliminate gender disparities and ensure equal access to all levels of education and vocational training for the vulnerable. This study examines the comparative approaches to AI-powered personalized learning and its implications for educational equity in Finland and Singapore, focusing on how each country's unique educational philosophies, governance structures, and technological strategies shape the deployment of artificial intelligence in ways that either bridge or potentially exacerbate existing learning gaps. The research analyzes the policy frameworks, implementation models, and equity mechanisms that characterize each nation's path toward AI-enhanced education. A comparative policy and technological analysis was conducted examining primary and secondary sources including government documentation, academic research, institutional reports, and contemporary news coverage covering developments to 2025-2026. Finland presents a human-centric model where AI integration is guided by a deeply rooted educational philosophy emphasizing student well-being, holistic development, and social cohesion. The 2025 National Guidelines on Artificial Intelligence in Education establish "transparency, fairness, and accountability" as non-negotiable principles, ensuring that technology serves human development rather than displacing it . The renowned Ritaharju Future School in Oulu embeds AI not as a standalone subject but through cross-disciplinary projects woven into mathematics, science, social studies, and arts, where students use AI tools to collect and analyze local environmental data, developing…

This study examines the comparative dynamics of renewable energy adoption and community acceptance in Niger and Denmark, two countries representing radically different stages of energy transition. Despite their contrasting contexts, both nations face the fundamental challenge of securing community buy-in for renewable energy projects—a prerequisite for sustainable and just transitions. The research employs a comparative case study methodology, drawing on academic literature, project reports, policy documents, and empirical studies from both countries spanning 2020-2026. Denmark, a global leader in renewable energy with a long history of community-owned energy cooperatives, demonstrates how institutionalized participation, benefit-sharing mechanisms, and sustained dialogue can maintain high levels of public support despite emerging tensions around regulatory barriers and equity concerns. The case of Fejø island illustrates how even in mature renewable energy contexts, communities face obstacles related to spatial planning regulations and the need to balance nature conservation with energy development (Clean energy for EU islands, 2025). Niger presents a fundamentally different landscape, where renewable energy adoption is driven by basic access needs rather than decarbonization imperatives. With only 7% of the rural population having access to electricity, adoption focuses on off-grid solar solutions and clean cooking technologies (EnDev, 2025). Research from Sekoukou reveals persistent reliance on firewood despite solar interventions, driven by affordability barriers, cultural familiarity, and gendered power relations that exclude women from energy decision-making despite their role as primary household energy managers (Sarpong, 2025). The Dar-Es-Salaam Energy Village project demonstrates the transformative potential of community-grounded approaches when they address basic needs—solar-powered water systems…

This study falls within SDG Focus Goal 16: Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions — Target 16.6: Develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions at all levels; Target 16.7: Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative decision-making at all levels; Target 16.10: Ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms. This study examines the comparative approaches to internal communication and organizational culture in Gabon and Finland, focusing on how each country's cultural values, hierarchical structures, and communication norms shape workplace dynamics, decision-making processes, and institutional effectiveness. The research analyzes the interplay between formal and informal communication channels, the role of hierarchy in organizational relationships, and the impact of cultural assumptions on employee engagement and organizational performance. A comparative analysis was conducted examining primary and secondary sources including academic research, cultural guides, institutional studies, and organizational case studies covering recent decades to 2026. Gabon presents an organizational culture characterized by hierarchical structures, formal communication protocols, and the centrality of personal relationships in professional life. Workplace communication balances formality with the importance of personal connection, with indirect communication often used to maintain harmony and show respect to superiors . Employees address colleagues using formal titles (Monsieur, Madame) until invited to use first names, and communication with superiors requires respectful language and formal channels . Decision-making is typically top-down, with authority concentrated at senior levels and final decisions resting with the most senior person involved . Face-to-face meetings are highly valued for building rapport, and preliminary pleasantries and relationship-building precede core business discussions . The…

This study falls within SDG Focus Goal 16: Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions — Target 16.6: Develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions at all levels; Target 16.7: Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative decision-making at all levels; Target 16.10: Ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms. This study examines the comparative approaches to political communication in contexts of ethnic diversity in Cameroon and Canada, focusing on how each country's historical legacies, institutional frameworks, and communication strategies shape the management of ethnic and linguistic pluralism. The research analyzes the discursive construction of national unity, the treatment of minority grievances, and the role of media and political institutions in either mitigating or exacerbating identity-based conflicts. A comparative analysis was conducted examining primary and secondary sources including academic research, policy documentation, institutional reports, and contemporary case studies covering recent decades to 2025-2026. Cameroon presents a complex landscape where political communication around ethnic diversity has been fundamentally shaped by the country's bifurcated colonial heritage. With over 230 ethnolinguistic groups and a foundational division between anglophone and francophone territories, the postcolonial state has deployed a "discursive, overhanging and propagandistic system" centered on watchwords such as "national unity," "integration," and "unity in diversity" to neutralize ethno-identity conflict and preserve power . However, this official discourse masks deep tensions. The "anglophone problem," rooted in perceptions of cultural, economic, and political discrimination following the 1972 abandonment of federalism, has since 2016 mutated into a secessionist war that has produced thousands of deaths and hundreds of thousands…

The network of unpaved roads plays a vital role in the mobility of rural populations and the transport of agricultural products, particularly in developing countries. However, these infrastructures remain especially vulnerable to the rainy seasons, which lead to rapid deterioration and compromise their usability. Our work aims to analyze the impact of the rainy seasons on the condition of unpaved roads and to identify priority maintenance actions to improve their durability and functionality. The methodology adopted is based on a descriptive and analytical approach, combining field observation, analysis of technical data relating to the condition of pavements in the dry and rainy seasons, and the use of technical documents and road management reports. The results show that the main forms of deterioration observed are the formation of mud, pavement erosion, potholes, sand accumulation, and the failure of drainage systems, rendering some roads temporarily or completely impassable. The absence or inadequacy of preventive maintenance work exacerbates these problems and increases rehabilitation costs. The study highlights the need to prioritize maintenance actions such as improved drainage, regular resurfacing of the road, treatment of critical points, and periodic maintenance before and during the rainy season. In conclusion, effective and proactive planning for the maintenance of unpaved roads is essential to mitigating the negative effects of the rainy season, ensuring traffic continuity, and extending the lifespan of these road infrastructures.

The increasing frequency and sophistication of cyberattacks highlight the limitations of traditional intrusion detection systems, which are mainly based on static signatures or machine learning models that are often difficult to interpret. In this context, finite automata emerge as a relevant formal framework for modeling attack behaviors as sequences and for supporting a more proactive security approach. The objective of this research is to present a systematic literature review on the applications of finite automata in intrusion detection, with a particular focus on their contribution to proactive security. The adopted methodology follows the PRISMA guidelines and covers the period 2019–2025. Searches conducted in IEEE Xplore, SpringerLink, ScienceDirect, ACM Digital Library, ArXiv, MDPI, and AJOL identified 54 articles, of which 10 primary studies were retained after duplicate removal and the application of rigorous inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results show that 34% of the studies rely on deterministic finite automata or finite-state machines, 33% on nondeterministic or probabilistic models, and 33% on hybrid approaches combining finite automata and machine learning. The main application domains include enterprise networks (45%), critical ICS/SCADA systems (22%), and SOC environments (33%). The reviewed studies report high performance in intrusion detection and attack anticipation, with detection rates reaching 97–99% depending on the approach. However, several limitations remain, including state-space explosion and difficulties in adapting to previously unseen attacks. In conclusion, finite automata constitute a robust and explainable formal foundation that supports the evolution of intrusion detection systems toward proactive security architectures, complementing statistical and neural-based approaches.